Room 5 · Observatory
Memory supplements
Verdict: For healthy adults, none has convincing evidence that it improves memory.
Memory supplements are sold with confident labels. The research behind them is far less confident. Edoardo put it simply in Memory Training:
There isn’t a pill that you can take to remember things better.
What the research found
- No ingredient passed. In 2019 the Global Council on Brain Health, convened by AARP, reviewed the evidence on some 20 vitamins, minerals and other ingredients. It could not endorse any ingredient, product or formula for brain health, and advised getting nutrients from food (Global Council on Brain Health, 2019).
- Ginkgo did not prevent dementia. In the largest trial, more than 3,000 people aged 75 and over took ginkgo or a placebo for about six years. Ginkgo did not lower the rate of dementia or slow cognitive decline (DeKosky and colleagues, 2008; Snitz and colleagues, 2009).
- Bacopa: small, uncertain gains. Bacopa, a herb from Ayurvedic medicine, is the most studied. Some trials found small improvements in recalling word lists, but the results vary widely from study to study and may be inflated by negative trials that were never published (Pase and colleagues, 2012; Brimson and colleagues, 2021). No independent body recommends it.
- Omega-3 capsules did not help. Eating fish is linked with better outcomes in older age, but omega-3 supplements had no benefit for the thinking of older people without dementia (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health).
The exception
If a doctor finds a real deficiency, for example of vitamin B12, treating it can matter: a deficiency can itself cause memory problems. That is treatment, not an upgrade.
Before you buy
- In many countries, supplements reach the shelf without the tests that medicines go through.
- Some interact with medicines. Ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking one.
- Your money goes further on sleep and on a technique you practise. Sleep and memory · The Gym
Sources (6)
- Global Council on Brain Health (2019). The Real Deal on Brain Health Supplements: GCBH Recommendations on Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Dietary Supplements. doi:10.26419/pia.00094.001
- DeKosky ST et al. (2008). Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 300(19):2253–2262. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.683
- Snitz BE et al. (2009). Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 302(24):2663–2670. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1913
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Dietary supplements and cognitive function, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. nccih.nih.gov
- Pase MP et al. (2012). The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 18(7):647–652. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0367
- Brimson JM et al. (2021). The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical data. Scientific Reports 11:596. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80045-2